How has China’s Communist Party managed to stay in power despite the demise of most of its counterparts around the world? One answer is organizational advantage. This presentation examines how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has responded to pressures of societal change, modernization, and globalization by undergoing inner party reform or adaptation which has strengthened the executive leadership and organizational capacities of the party. The focus is on the crucial role of the Central Organization Department of the CCP, in promoting the concept of “leadership science” as a core element of party adaptation, and innovations in “leadership” and management training.